Highlights of Samagra Shiksha Scheme

• Name of the scheme- Samagra Shiksha 
• Launched by- Union Ministry of Human Resource Development 
• Related to-Education 
• Type- Integrated scheme for school education 

About Samagra Shiksha

• Samagra Shiksha is a name of integrated scheme for school education launched by the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD), government of India. The scheme covers from pre-school to till Class 12. Under this scheme union government extends support to states from pre-school to senior secondary levels. 
• The programme will focus on quality education and enhancing learning outcomes of students, bridging social and gender gaps in the school education, and promoting vocalisation of education 
• The scheme was launched by subsuming three existing schemes. They are 

1. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) 
2. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shikskha Abhiyan (RMSA) and 
3. Teacher Education (TE). 

• Thus three schemes which took care of the school education at primary and secondary levels — and Teacher Training will now be coalesced into one whole. 
• The focuses on improving quality of education at all levels by integrating the two T’s – Teachers and Technology 

Objective:

The scheme was launched with an objective:

• To improve quality of education 
• To promote vocational and life skill activities in schools curriculum 
• To enhance learning outcomes of the children 
• To bridge social and gender gaps in school education 

Other important points in the scheme:

• Under this scheme, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya scheme would also be extended from class 6-8 to class 6-12 under Samagra Shiksha where girls from disadvantaged sections are provided education with hostel facility 
• Every school will receive sports equipment under the SamagraShiksha, at the cost of Rs. 5000 for Primary, Rs. 10,000 for Upper Primary & up to Rs. 25,000 for SSC & HSC schools to inculcate & emphasize the relevance of sports in the school curriculum, 
• The Scheme will support ‘Operation Digital Board’ in all secondary schools over a period of 5 years, so as to enhance the use of digital technology through smart classrooms, digital boards and DTH channels. 
• Under this scheme 11,50,000 schools would receive sports grants 
• CWSN (Children With Special Needs) girls from Class I to XII would be given a stipend of Rs. 200 per month. 
• To focus on the importance of libraries, schools would be given an annual grant of Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 20,000 under the initiative. 
• The Digital initiatives like ShaalaKosh, Shagun, ShaalaSaarthi will be strengthened. 
• Under this scheme a competition over myGov to design an apt logo for the scheme which signifies a holistic approach for holistic development of children.

Sequence of Tenses - English Grammar Rules

The sequence of Tenses are the principles which govern the tense of the verb in subordinate clause vis-à-vis the tense of the verb in the principal clause. The rules which determine the tense of the subordinate clause if the tense of the principal clause is Present or Past or Future, is called Sequence of Tense.

Rules

1. If the principal clause is in the Past tense the subordinate clause should also be in the Past. Eg:

• My father assured me that he would buy a bike for me. 
• He failed because he didn’t work hard. 

Exceptions

1.  A Past Tense in the principal clausemay be followed by a Present Tense in the subordinate clause when the subordinate clause expresses a universal truth, mathematical calculation, historical fact, moral guidelines, habitual fact or something that has not yet changed. In such cases, the tense of the subordinate clause is not governed by the tense of Principal clause. (The subordinate clause is usually in Present tense in such cases). Eg: 
• He said that the earth revolves around the sun. 
• We learnt at school that the truth always triumphs. 
2. If a subordinate clause is introduced by a conjunction of comparison such as; than, as well as, etc. in such cases, a Past Tense in the principal clause may be followed by any Tense in the subordinate clause as per the sense of the statement. Furthermore, any tense in the Principal clause can be followed by any tense in the subordinate clause. Eg: 
• He loved me more than he loved you. 
• He loved me more than he loves you. 
• He loved me more than he will love you. 
• He will love you more than he loved me. 
• He has loved you more than he loved me. 
• He will love you more than he loves me. 
• She helps you as well as she helped me. 
3. If the subordinate clause is an adjectiveclause, in that case, it may be in any tense even the principal clause in Past tense. Eg: 
• I visited the place where the accident took place. 
• I visited the village where he lives. 
• I visited the hotel where he will stay. 

Rule 2. 

A Present or Future Tense in the Principal clause may be followed by any tense. 
Eg:

• He says that she passed the examination.
• He says that she will come tomorrow.
• Ram says that he likes that girl.
• Ram will say that Sita is a beautiful girl.
• Ram will say that he didn’t like that girl.
• He will say that he will pass the examination positively.

Exceptions

If the subordinate clause is introduced by if, till, as soon as, when, unless, before, until, even, if, as, etc. and the Principal clause is in Simple Future, in that case, the verb in subordinate clause must be in Simple Present.
Eg:

• We shall not go to market if it rains.
• He will wait till she comes.

List of Flag Carriers of Different Countries

Flag carrier:

Airline or ship-line registered under the laws of a country whose government gives it partial or total monopoly over international routes. In maritime law, all vessels (aircraft or ships) are required to prominently display the national flag of the country of their registry.

Country/Region	Airline
Afghanistan	Ariana Afghan Airlines
Algeria	Air Algerie
Angola	TAAG Angola Airlines
Argentina	Aerolíneas Argentinas
Australia	Qantas
Austria	Austrian Airlines
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan Airlines
Bahamas	Bahamasair
Bahrain	Gulf Air
Bangladesh	Biman Bangladesh Airlines
Belarus	Belavia
Belgium	Brussels Airlines
Bhutan	Druk Air
Bolivia	Boliviana de Aviación
Botswana	Air Botswana
Brunei	Royal Brunei Airlines
Bulgaria	Bulgaria Air
Burkina Faso	Air Burkina
Burundi	Air Burundi
Cambodia	Cambodia Angkor Air
Cameroon	Camair-Co
Canada	Air Canada
Cape Verde	TACV
Cayman Islands	Cayman Airways
Chad	Toumai Air Tchad
Chile	LATAM Chile
China	Air China
Colombia	Avianca
Croatia	Croatia Airlines
Cuba	Cubana de Aviación
Czech Republic	Czech Airlines
DR Congo	Congo Airways
Denmark	Scandinavian Airlines
Norway
Sweden
Djibouti	Air Djibouti
Dominican Republic	PAWA Dominicana
Ecuador	TAME
Egypt	EgyptAir
Equatorial Guinea	Ecuato Guineana
Eritrea	Eritrean Airlines
Estonia	Nordica
Ethiopia	Ethiopian Airlines
Faroe Islands	Atlantic Airways
Fiji	Fiji Airways
Finland	Finnair
France	Air France
French Polynesia	Air Tahiti Nui
Georgia	Georgian Airways
Germany	Lufthansa
Greece	Aegean Airlines
Greenland	Air Greenland
Guernsey	Aurigny Air Services
Guyana	Caribbean Airlines
Hong Kong	Cathay Pacific
Iceland	Icelandair
India	Air India
Indonesia	Garuda Indonesia
Ireland	Aer Lingus
Iran	Iran Air
Iraq	Iraqi Airways
Israel	El Al
Italy	Alitalia
Ivory Coast	Air Cote d'Ivoire
Jamaica	Caribbean Airlines
Japan	Japan Airlines
Jordan	Royal Jordanian
Kazakhstan	Air Astana
Kenya	Kenya Airways
Kiribati	Air Kiribati
Kuwait	Kuwait Airways
Laos	Lao Airlines
Latvia	Air Baltic
Lebanon	Middle East Airlines
Libya	Afriqiyah Airways
	Libyan Airlines
Luxembourg	Luxair
Macau	Air Macau
Madagascar	Air Madagascar
Malawi	Malawian Airlines
Malaysia	Malaysia Airlines
Maldives	Maldivian
Malta	Air Malta
Mauritania	Mauritania Airlines
Mauritius	Air Mauritius
Mexico	Aeromexico
Moldova	Air Moldova
Mongolia	MIAT Mongolian Airlines
Montenegro	Montenegro Airlines
Morocco	Royal Air Maroc
Mozambique	LAM Mozambique Airlines
Myanmar	Myanmar National Airlines
Namibia	Air Namibia
Nauru	Nauru Airlines
Nepal	Nepal Airlines
Netherlands	KLM
New Zealand	Air New Zealand
Nigeria	Arik Air
North Korea	Air Koryo
Oman	Oman Air
Pakistan	Pakistan International Airlines
Panama	Copa Airlines
Papua New Guinea	Air Niugini
Philippines	Philippine Airlines
Poland	LOT Polish Airlines
Portugal	TAP Air Portugal
Qatar	Qatar Airways
Republic of the Congo	Equatorial Congo Airlines
Réunion	Air Austral
Romania	TAROM
Russia	Aeroflot
Rwanda	RwandAir
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	SVG Air
Samoa	Samoa Airways
Sao Tome and Príncipe	STP Airways
Saudi Arabia	Saudia
Senegal	Air Senegal
Serbia	Air Serbia
Seychelles	Air Seychelles
Solomon Islands	Solomon Airlines
Sierra Leone	Arik Air
Singapore	Singapore Airlines
Slovenia	Adria Airways
South Africa	South African Airways
South Korea	Korean Air
Spain	Iberia
Sri Lanka	SriLankan Airlines
Sudan	Sudan Airways
Suriname	Surinam Airways
Swaziland	Swaziland Airlink
Switzerland	Swiss International Air Lines
Syria	Syrian Air
Taiwan	China Airlines
Tajikistan	Tajik Air
Tanzania	Air Tanzania
Thailand	Thai Airways International
Trinidad and Tobago	Caribbean Airlines
Tunisia	Tunisair
Turkey	Turkish Airlines
Turkmenistan	Turkmenistan Airlines
Ukraine	Ukraine International Airlines
United Arab Emirates	Etihad Airways
	Emirates
United Kingdom	British Airways
Uzbekistan	Uzbekistan Airways
Venezuela	Conviasa
Vietnam	Vietnam Airlines
Vanuatu	Air Vanuatu
Yemen	Yemenia
Zimbabwe	Air Zimbabwe

Specific Rules of Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative Sentences can be classified in two types.
1. Yes/No questions: That can be answered in Yes/No
2. Wh questions: Questions that begin with Wh words, What, Where, Which, Who, How, etc.

Yes/No questions

Rules

1. Use conjunction if or whether in place of that. Whether is used when the question expresses
alternative. Eg:

• She said to me, “Do you like tea or coffee?” → Direct
• She asked me whether I liked tea or coffee. → Indirect 
• She said,” Are they waiting for me?” →Direct
• She asked whether they were waiting for me. → Indirect

2. While transforming interrogativesentences into assertive sentences, add ‘not’if the interrogative sentence is in the affirmative. Eg: 

• Is he not a bright student?→  Interrogative 
• He is a bright student.→ Assertive
• Has he finished his work?→ Interrogative
• He has not finished his work.→  Assertive.

3. Reporting verb; ask, asks, asked is used in indirect narrations. We can also use inquireor enquire of. Eg:

• He enquired of me.
• I enquired of him whether he would accompany me to Chennai.
• David asked me if I liked coffee.

4. Other rules in respect to the change of pronouns and change of tense are also to be followed. Eg:

• She said to me, “Are you going to college?”→ Direct
• She asked me if I was going to college.→ Indirect

Note: Sometimes an answer is also attached with the main question. In that case ‘Yes’ is changed into affirmation and ‘No’ into negation. Eg:

• She said to me, “Can you solve this question?” ‘No’, I said.
• She asked me if I could solve that question. I said, I couldn’t or I replied in negative.

Questions beginning with ‘Wh’ words

In questions beginning with Wh words, noconjunction (that, if, whether) is used instead the Wh word itself functions as conjunction. Eg:

• He said to me, “What are you doing?”→ Direct
• He asked me what I was doing.→  Indirect
• They said, “How is the weather?”→  Direct
• They asked how the weather was.→  Indirect

Changing assertive to interrogative sentences

Rules

1. If the sentence is in the affirmative you have to change it into negative interrogative.If it is in negative then you have to change it into bare interrogative. Eg: 

• He was very gentle. (Assertive).
• Wasn’t he very gentle? (Interrogative)
• He is not a good person. (Assertive). 
• Is he a good person? (Interrogative)

2. If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence change it by using do/does/did Or don’t /Doesn’t /didn’t. Eg:

• He plays football. (Assertive). Does he play football? (Interrogative)
• They did not play football yesterday. (Assertive). Did they play football yesterday? (Interrogative

3. Never is replaced by ever in interrogative sentences. Eg:

• I never drink tea. → Assertive
• Do I ever drink tea? → Interrogative

4. Everybody/everyone/all is replaced by Who+ don’t / doesn’t / didn’t . Eg:

• Everybody wishes to be happy. → Assertive
• Who doesn’t wish to be happy?→  Interrogative

5. Every + noun is replaced by is there any +noun +who don’t /doesn’t / didn’t. Eg:

• Everyman wishes to be happy. → Assertive
• Is there any man who doesn’t wish to be happy? → Interrogative

6. Nobody/no one/ none is replaced by Who.Eg:

• Nobody could count stars in the sky. → Assertive
• Who could ever count stars in the sky.→  Interrogative

7. There is no is replaced by is there any/ who (person/ what (thing). Eg:

• There is no use of this law.→  Assertive
• What is the use of this law? → Interrogative
• There is no man happier than Ram.→  Assertive
• Who is happier than Ram?→ Interrogative

8. It doesn’t matter is replaced by what though/does it matter. Eg:

• It does not matter if you fail in the exam.→ Assertive
• What though if you fail in the exam?→ Interrogative